Bacillus species

E. coli O157:H7

Salmonella species

Helicobacter pylori

Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis

Bovine viral diarrhea virus

Avian influenza virus

Antibody-based sensors (immunosensors)

Aptamer-based sensors

Bio-barcode DNA sensors

Cell-based sensors

Enzyme-based sensors

Nano-scale transducers

Gold nanoparticles (left); magnetic nanoparticles (right).

Electrically and magnetically active nanoparticles (left); Polyaniline nanowire (right).

Polyaniline nanowire bundle (left); Polyaniline-carbon nanotube composite (right).

Biologically-synthesized 20nm gold nanoparticles in solution (left); TEM image of nanoparticles (right).