Micro and Nano Engineering Center


At Michigan State University

 

Recent Research at MNEC Focused on the Challenge of Processing and Joining Ceramics and Ceramic Composites

 Processing of Ceramics and Ceramic Composites

 Ceramics are:

  • hard and brittle materials
  • resistant to chemical attack
  • withstand very high temperatures
  • useful in a variety of applications


but those same properties also make ceramics difficult to process.

There are many "low tech", high tonnage uses of ceramics (such as window glass, dinner plates, bricks and concrete) there are also many "high tech" ceramics used in the electronics, aerospace and biomedical fields.
 

In the MNEC Center, Microwave and conventional heating has been used for

  • Sintering of ceramics
  • Binder burn-out in ceramic powder compacts
  • Ceramic-Ceramic Joining
  • Crack healing in ceramics



 
 
 

Joining Ceramics

Joining ceramics can:
  • make it possible to fabricate complex shapes from simpler subcomponents.
  • improve quality assurance...its easier to locate flaws in the simpler subcomponents, and then separate out (or recycle) the defective parts prior to joining.
  • help the designer to combine multiple ceramic materials in a single component in a way that has long been available for metallic materials but impossible for ceramics.

Application Areas for Ceramics Joined at MNEC

  • bioceramics
  • oxygen sensor materials
  • machineable ceramics
  • structural ceramics
including both monolithic and composite ceramics
 

The "internal geometry' of ceramic components:

Many "high tech" devices contain holes or channels, but for most ceramics it very difficult to fabricate components with channels that penetrate the bulk of the component.

Importance of Notches and channels:

Notches and channels can serve as conduits for fluids in applications such as
  • cooling fluids for electronic substrate cooling
  • fuels for automotive applications
  • biological fluids in bioimplants.

'

At MNEC, we successfully fabricate internal notches in ceramics by

  • First, machining notches into the external specimen surfaces, then
  • Join the notched specimens to make internal channels.
During joining, the channel dimensions change by not more than a few percent, allowing precise channels to maintain their shape and dimensions.
 

Bond regions between materials in this study

  • very narrow... often undetectable in a Scanning Electron Microscope
  • have a high fracture toughness
  • can tolerate very significant differences in thermal expansion coefficients (CTE).
For example, the bond between MaCorTM and hydroxyapatite (HAP)
MaCorTM's CTE ( 9.3 X 10-6/OC
HAP's CTE ( 16.5 X 10-6/OC
Despite this very sizable mismatch in thermal expansion coefficient, MaCorTM and HAP join very well, with a bond region so thin that it can not be resolved in a SEM.


 
 

Joining Dissimilar Ceramics

This study has successfully joined the following five pairs of dissimilar ceramics:
  • Hydroxyapatite (HAP) joined with MaCorTM
  • Alumina joined with ZrO2-3 mol% yttria
  • MaCorTM joined with ZrO2-3 mol% yttria
  • SiC platelet reinforced alumina with MaCorTM.
  • 85 wt% alumina/15 wt % zirconia composite with alumina

At MNEC the ceramics materials included in the work represent a broad spectrum of materials.

The joined materials represent a wide range of ceramic materials.
 

Machineable glass ceramics (of which MaCorTM is one example) can be machined with standard metal working tools, and is currently used in a variety of electrical and opto-electronic equipment, including as precise electrical and thermal insulators. The ability to join machineable glass ceramics to other ceramics affords the possibility of making easily machineable bases on which to mount other, dissimilar ceramic components which are not as easy to machine.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is a widely used "bioactive" ceramic material which, in the presence of biological fluids, promotes bone growth. (HAP itself is the principle mineral component of natural bone). Since bone in-growth is optimized when porous HAP is used, joining with other ceramics can reinforce the HAP.

Alumina is a widely used ceramic material that is used as an electronic substrate and as wear surfaces in a host of applications due to its high hardness, excellent resistance to chemical attack, and its refractory nature. Alumina can be made more resistant to fracture by adding a reinforcing phase, such as the SiC platelet reinforced alumina and the zirconia particulate reinforced alumina included in this study. Both the monolithic alumina and the reinforced alumina have been joined in this study.

Partially stabilized zirconia (ZrO2-3 mol% yttria) is a high fracture toughness material with applications in both structural ceramics and bioceramics. In contrast to HAP, both zirconia and alumina are bioinert (do not promote bone growth) and are currently in use as bioimplant materials, including in hip replacement in humans.
 
 

References

Reviewed Publications, January 1992 - present:
  1. C. C. Chiu and E. D. Case, "Prediction of a Thermal Shock Damage Map for Ceramics", J. Mater. Sci. 27:1553-1559, 1992.
  2. C. C. Chiu and E. D. Case, "Influence of Quenching on Fracture Strength, Elastic Modulus, and Internal Friction of Glass Plates," J. Mater. Sci. 27:2353-2362, 1992.
  3. C. C. Chiu and E. D. Case, "Computer Simulation of Quench-Induced Strength Degradation in Glass Plates," Mater. Sci. and Eng. A154: 207-213, 1992.
  4. W. J. Lee and E. D. Case, "Comparison of Saturation Behavior of Thermal Shock Damage for a Variety of Brittle Materials," Mater. Sci. and Eng. A154:1-9, 1992.
  5. C. C. Chiu and E. D. Case, "Statistical Study of the Effect of Subcritical Crack Growth on Thermal Shock Resistance," J. Mater. Sci. 27: 6707-6714, 1992.
  6. J. Bansky, D. Bartley, J. Engemann, J. Asmussen, E. Case, and S. Connery, "Mechanical characteristics of hybrid multilayer green tapeTM ceramics sintered in a 2.45 GHz single mode microwave cavity," Scripta Metallurgia et Materiala, 28, pp. 785-790, 1993.
  7. E.D. Case and Y. Kim, 1993, "The Effect of Surface-Limited Microcracks on the Effective Young's Modulus of Ceramics, I. Theory," J. Mater Sci. 28: 1885-1900.
  8. Y. Kim and E. D. Case, 1993, "The Effect of Surface-Limited Microcracks on the Effective Young's Modulus of Ceramics, II. Theory, as Applied to Indentation Crack Systems," J. Mater. Sci. 28: 1901-1909.
  9. Y. Kim and E. D. Case, and Scott Gaynor, 1993, "The Effect of Surface-Limited Microcracks on the Effective Young's Modulus of Ceramics, III. Experiment," J. Mater. Sci. 28: 1910-1918.
  10. W. J. Lee, Y. Kim and E. D. Case, 1993, "The Effect of Quenching Media on the Heat Transfer Coefficient of Polycrystalline Alumina," J. Mater. Sci.: 2079-2083.
  11. B. A. Wilson and E. D. Case, 1993, "Comparison of Mechanical Fatigue with Thermal Fatigue in Ceramics," Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, 28: 1571-1576.
  12. C. C. Chiu and E. D. Case, 1994, "Surface Oxidation and its Effect on the Observed Elastic Modulus of SiC whisker/alumina composites," J. of Composites. 28[1]: 2-21.
  13. K. Y. Lee, E.D. Case, J. Asmussen and M. Siegel, "Binder burn-out in a controlled single-mode microwave cavity," Scripta Materialla, 35, pp. 107-111, 1996.
  14. K. Y. Lee and E. D. Case, 1996, "Effects of Adhesion on Effective Young's Modulus in Glass Slide/Glue Composites," Part I, J. Mater. Sci., 31:2241-2251.
  15. K. Y. Lee and E. D. Case, 1996, "Effects of Adhesion on Effective Young's Modulus in Glass Slide/Glue Composites," Part II, J. Mater. Sci., 31:2253-2264.
  16. K. Y. Lee, E. D. Case, and D. K. Reinhard, "Microwave joining and repair of ceramics and ceramic composites", Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, 18, 543 - 550, (1997).
  17. C. Liu and E. D. Case, 1997, "Effect of Blunt Indenter Tip Radius on the Load Deflection Behavior of Thin Plates," Experimental Mechanics, 37[2]: 179-185.
  18. C. Liu and E.D. Case, 1997, "Correction for system compliance during off-center point-loading of thin brittle films," Experimental Techniques, 21[2]: 28-31.
  19. B. A. Wilson and E. D. Case, 1997, "In-Situ Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy of Crack Healing in Borosilicate Glass," J. Mater. Sci., 32:3163-3175.
  20. K. Y. Lee, L. Cropsey, B. Tyszka, and E. D. Case, 1997, "Grain size, density and Mechanical Properties of alumina batch-processed in a single mode microwave cavity," Materials Research Bulletin, 32[3]: 287-295.
  21. B. A. Wilson, K. Y. Lee, and E. D. Case, 1997, "Diffusive Crack Healing Behavior in Polycrystalline Alumina: A Comparison Between Microwave Annealing and Conventional Annealing," Materials Research Bulletin, 32 [12]: 1607-1616.
  22. K. Y. Lee, E. D. Case, and J. Asmussen, Jr., 1997, "The Steady-State Temperature as a Function of Casket Geometry for Microwave-Heated Refractory Caskets," Materials Research Innovations, 1[2]: 101-116.
Conference Publications and Presentations, January 1992 - present:
  1. L.E.D. Flowers and E.D. Case, "Testing of Polycrystalline Diamond Thin Films by Uniform Loading," Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Minneapolis, MN, April 1992.
  2. E. D. Case, Y. Kim, and W.J. Lee, "Thermal Fatigue of Ceramics and Ceramic Composites," presented at the 24th International SAMPE Technical Conference, Toronto, Canada, October 1992. (An invited talk)
  3. E. D. Case, Y. Kim, and W.J. Lee, "Cyclic Thermal Shock in SiC whisker reinforced alumina and in other ceramic systems," presented at the Schloss-Ringberg Conference on Thermal Shock and Thermal Fatigue, November 1992. (Conference was a by-invitation only conference sponsored by the Max Planck Institute, Germany.)
  4. L. Flowers, E. D. Case, and D. K. Reinhard, "Burst Strength of Polycrystalline Diamond Thin Films," 95th Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, Ohio, April, 1993.
  5. W. Glime, E. D. Case, and D. K. Reinhard, "Mechanical Properties Determination of Polycrystalline Diamond Films," 95th Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, Ohio, April, 1993.
  6. L. E. D. Flowers, E. D. Case, R. M. Brown, and D. K. Reinhard, "Burst Pressure of Diamond Thin Film Diaphragms ad a Function of Film Diameter and Thickness", Proceedings of the American Society for Composites 8th Technical Conference on Composite Materials, Technomic Publications, Lancaster, PA 911-920, 1993.
  7. W. H. Glime, E. D. Case, J. Mattavi, and D. K. Reinhard, "Deflection Behavior of Point-Loaded CVD Diamond Thin Film Diaphragms", Proceedings of the American Society for Composites 8th Technical Conference on Composite Materials, Technomic Publications, Lancaster, PA 921-930, 1993.
  8. B. A. Wilson and E. D. Case, "Comparison of Mechanical Fatigue with Thermal Fatigue in Ceramics," Ninety-Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, OH, April 1993.
  9. K. Y. Lee and E. D. Case, "Effects of Glue Adhesion on the Young's Modulus of Ceramic Laminates," Ninety-Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, OH, April 1993.
  10. Bansky, J. Engemann, E. K. Polzer, D. Bartley, and E. D. Case, "Advanced Processing and Novel Applications of Hybrid Multilayer Green Tapes," presented at the Ninth European Hybrid Microelectronics Conference, ISHM, Nice, France, April 1993.
  11. B. A. Wilson and E. D. Case, "Low-cycle Mechanical and Thermal Fatigue of Ceramics and Ceramic Composites, with Consideration of Debris Accumulation Effects," American Society for Composites, 8th Technical Conference, Cleveland, OH, October 1993.
  12. K. Y. Lee and E. D. Case, "The Dependence of the Effective Young's Modulus of Glass/Epoxy and Glass/Glue Laminates on the Adhesion Area and Bond Thickness," American Society for Composites, 8th Technical Conference, Cleveland, OH, October 1993.
  13. B. A. Wilson and E. D. Case, "Further Study of an Equation Describing Damage Saturation Behavior in Fatigue of Ceramics and Ceramic Composites," The Engineering Society, 9th Annual Advanced Composites Conference, Dearborn, MI, November 1993.
  14. W. J. Glime and E. D. Case, "Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline Diamond Thin Films," Annual Meeting of the Canadian Ceramic Society, Montreal, Canada, February 1994. E. D. Case and B.A. Wilson, "Calculations Relating the Crack Growth Rate Versus Stress Intensity Factor to Fatigue-Induced Elastic Modulus Decrement," Annual Meeting of the Canadian Ceramic Society, Montreal, Canada, February 1994.
  15. C. Liu, L. E. D. Flowers, and E. D. Case, "Geometrically Nonlinear Load-Deflection Behavior for Thin Films, Including Polycrystalline Films and Glass Cover Slips," Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, IN, April 1994.
  16. E. D. Case, "Relations for Fatigue-Induced Changes in Elastic Modulus, Thermal Conductivity, and Electrical Conductivity," Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, IN, April 1994.
  17. K. Y. Lee, E.D. Case, J. Asmussen and M. Siegel, "Sintering of alumina ceramics in single mode cavities under automated control", presented at the 97th Annual meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, OH, April 30 - May 3, 1995, also in Ceramic Transactions 59, "Microwave: theory and application in material processing III," Ed. E. Clark, M.R. Tinga pp. 473-480, 1995.
  18. V. Gopinath, T. Grotjohn, Y.-K. Chu, and D. Rover, "Parallelization and Performance of Three-Dimensional Plasma Simulations, Frontiers?95: The Fifth Symposium on the Frontiers of Massively Parallel Computation, McLean, Virginia, Feb. 1995.
  19. B. A. Wilson and E. D. Case, "Environmental effects on the static fatigue behavior of alumina," Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society Cincinnati, OH, April, 1995.
  20. K. Y. Lee and E. D. Case, "Sintering of Alumina Ceramics in a Single-Mode Microwave Cavity under Automated Control," Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, OH, April, 1995.
  21. W. S. Kim and E. D. Case, "Growth of Indentation Cracks in Al2O3 under Thermal Fatigue Conditions," Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, OH, April, 1995.
  22. C. Liu and E. D. Case, "Off-Center Point-Load Deflection Behavior of Glass Cover Slips," Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, OH, April, 1995.
  23. E. D. Case, "Thermal Fatigue in Ceramics", (Invited paper), Annual Meeting of the Society for Experimental Mechanics, Grand Rapids, MI, June, 1995.
  24. K. Y. Lee and E. D. Case, "Binder Removal during sintering of microwave compacts," Sintering 1995, Pennsylvania State University, September, 1995.
  25. W. S. Kim and E. D. Case, "Comparison of Thermal Fatigue Damage in Unreinforced and Reinforced Alumina Ceramics: Crack Lengths and Macroscopic Properties," 11th Annual Advanced Composites Conference, Dearborn, MI, November, 1995.
  26. K. Y. Lee and E. D. Case, "Microwave Sintering of Ceramic Matrix Composites and the Effect of Organic Binders on the Sinterability," 11th Annual Advanced Composites Conference, Dearborn, MI, November, 1995.
  27. B. A. Wilson and E. D. Case, "Environmental scanning electron microscopy studies of the static fatigue of ceramic composites at elevated temperatures," ESD Conference on Advanced Ceramics, Detroit, MI, November, 1995.
  28. B. A. Wilson and E. D. Case, "Static Fatigue Study in Ceramic Composites Via Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy," TMS Fall Conference, Cleveland, OH, November 1995.
  29. K. Y. Lee and E. D. Case, "Use of single-mode microwave cavities for binder burnout and sintering in monophase ceramics and ceramic composites," Canadian Ceramic Society Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada, February, 1996.
  30. E. D. Case, "Temperature dependence of critical parameters in the thermal shock of brittle materials," Canadian Ceramic Society Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada, February, 1996.
  31. B. A. Wilson and E. D. Case, "In-situ Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy of mechanical fatigue in polycrystalline alumina," Canadian Ceramic Society Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada, February, 1996.
  32. C. Liu and E. D. Case, "An off-center point load-deflection technique to study mechanical properties of thin brittle plates," Annual meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, IN, April, 1996.
  33. B. A. Wilson and E. D. Case, "Thermal crack healing of borosilicate glass in humid environments," Annual meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, IN, April, 1996.
  34. K. Y. Lee and E. D. Case, "Heating behavior of a zirconia casket in a single-mode microwave cavity," Annual meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, IN, April, 1996.
  35. K. Y. Lee and E. D. Case, "Dependence of microstructures of batch-processed ceramic matrix composites on resonant modes in a single-mode microwave cavity," Annual meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, IN, April, 1996.
  36. K. Y. Lee, E. D. Case and J. Asmussen, "Binder burn-out for ceramics and ceramic matrix composites using a single-mode microwave cavity," presented at American Ceramic Society Meeting, Coca Beach Florida, Jan. 1997.
  37. K. Y. Lee, E. D. Case and J. Asmussen, "Dependence of heating characteristics on cavity modes, geometry and volume of caskets in a single-mode microwave cavity," presented at the American Ceramic Society Meeting, Coca Beach Florida, Jan. 1997.
  38. K. Y. Lee, E. D. Case and J. Asmussen, "Dependence of heating characteristics on cavity modes, geometry and volume of gaskets in a single-mode microwave cavity", presented at the First World Congress on Microwave Processing, Jan. 5-9, 1997, Florida.
  39. K. Y. Lee, E. D. Case and J. Asmussen, "Microwave binder burn-out for batch processing of Al203, A1203/SiC platelet and A1203/Zr03 particle power compacts", presented at the First World Congress on Microwave Processing, Jan. 5-9, 1997, Florida also in the Conference Procedings Cer. Trans., Vol. 80, pp. 539-546, 1997.
  40. E. D. Case and K. Y. Lee, "Joining Ceramics and Ceramic Composites via Microwave Heating," West Michigan Chapter of ASM, Grand Rapids, MI, March, 1997.
  41. K. Seiber, K. Y. Lee, and E. D. Case, "Microwave Joining of Ceramics with Bonding Layer Thickness Controlled by Spinning," 99th Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, OH, April, 1997.
  42. E. D. Case, "Microwave Processing of Ceramics", Engineering Seminar, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI, April, 1997.
  43. K. Seiber, K. Y. Lee, and E. D. Case, "Microwave and Conventional Joining of Ceramics using Spin-on Materials," 12th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Composites, October 1997.
  44. Lee, J. G. Lee, and E. D. Case, "Joining of Structure Ceramic Materials", abstract accepted for presentation, TMS Fall Conference, Chicago, IL, October, 1998 (Invited presentation).
  45. K. N. Seiber, K. Y. Lee, and E. D. Case, "Microwave and Conventional Joining of Ceramics using Spin-on Materials, 12th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Composites, Oct. 1997.
  46. K. Y. Lee, E. D. Case and J. G. Lee, "Dimensional Stability of Channels in Joined Ceraminc and Ceramic Composites, Advanced Ceramics, Materials, and Structures Meeting, American Ceramic Society, Cocoa Beach, Florida, Jan. 1998.
  47. K. Y. Lee, E. D. Case, and J. G. Lee, "Microwave Joining of Optical Materials and Diamond Films," Advanced Ceramics, Materials Materials, and Structures Meeting, American Ceramic Society, Cocoa Beach, Florida, Jan. 1998.
  48. K. Y. Lee, J. G. Lee, and E. D. Case, "Microwave Joining of Ceramics and Ceramic Composites," Annual Meeting of the Canadian Ceramic Society, Toronto, Canada, Feb. 1998.
  49. K. Y. Lee, J. G. Lee, and E. D. Case, "Thermal Etching of Polycrystalline Ceramics Via Microwave Energy," Annual Meeting of the Canadian Ceramic Society, Toronto, Canada, Feb. 1998.
  50. J. G. Lee, K. Y. Lee and E. D. Case, "Joining of Diamond Thin Films to Optical and IR Materials," Annual Meeting of American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati Ohio, April, 1998.
  51. K. Y. Lee, M. Traub and E. D. Case, "Effect of Casket Geometry on Microwave Heating and Its Modeling," Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, Ohio, April, 1998.
  52. K. Y. Lee, J. G. Lee, and E. D. Case, "The Effect of Microwave Heating on Grain-Boundary Grooving," Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, Ohio, April, 1998.
  53. B. R. Tyska and E. D. Case, "A Critical Comparison of Crack Healing Models and Crack Healing Data for Ceramic Materials," Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, Ohio, April, 1998.
  54. C. Mukherjee, E. D. Case, and A. Y. Lee, "Silica and Silicate Coatings for BMI Materials," Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, Ohio, April, 1998.
  55. B. D. Brooks, J. G. Lee, and E. D. Case, "Oxidation Resistance of Silicate Coatings on Optical Ceramics," Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Cincinnati, Ohio, April, 1998.
  56. E. D. Case, K. Y. Lee, and J. G. Lee, "Joining of Polycrystalline Ceramics and Ceramic Composites using Microwave Heating," Proc. 33rd International Microwave Power Symposium, pp. 17-20, 1998.
  57. E. D. Case, J. G. Lee, and K. Y. Lee, "Joining of Optical and Infrared Materials Using Spin-on Layers" International Conf. on Joining of Advanced Materials, Rosemont, IL, 1998.
  58. E. D. Case, K. Y. Lee, J. G. Lee, T. Hoepfner, "Geometrical Stability of Holes and Channels During Joining of Ceramics and Ceramic Composties," International Conf. on Joining of Advanced Materials, Rosemont, IL, 1998.
  59. E. D. Case, "Joining of Structural and Optical Ceramics Using Spin-On Interlayers," Seminar, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, May, 1998 (Invited presentation).
  60. E. D. Case, "Crack Healing in Ceramic Materials," Seminar, Flowserve Corporation, July, 1998, Kalamazoo, MI (Invited presentation).
  61. E. D. Case, K. Y. Lee, and J. G. Lee, "Joining of Polycrystalline Ceramics and Ceramic Composites Using Microwave Heating," 33rd International Microwave Power Symposium, Chicago, IL, July, 1998.
  62. E. D. Case, "Crack healing in ceramics", Rotating Equipment Consortium, Annual Meeting, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, IL, October, 1998.
  63. M. Traub, K. Y. Lee, and E. D. Case, 1998, " The Effect of Casket Geometry on Microwave Heating and Its Modeling", pp. 69 - 80 in Ceramic Transactions, Volume 94, American Ceramic Society, Inc., Westerville, OH.
  64. J. G. Lee, K. Y. Lee and E. D. Case, 1998, "Joining of Diamond Thin Films to Optical and IR Materials," pp. 509 - 520 in Ceramic Transactions, Volume 94, American Ceramic Society, Inc., Westerville, OH.
  65. B. A. Wilson and E. D. Case, 1999, "Effect of Humidity on Crack Healing in Glass from In-Situ Investigations Using an ESEM," J. Materials Science, 34[2]: 247-250.
  66. K. Y. Lee and E. D. Case, 1999, "Microwave Sintering of Alumina Matrix Zirconia Composites Using a Single-Mode Microwave Cavity," J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 201-203.
  67. K. Y. Lee, P. H. Dearhouse, and E. D. Case, 1999, "Microwave Sintering of Alumina Using Four Different Single-Cavity Modes," Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing, 7[3] (Page numbers not yet determined)
  68. K. Y. Lee and E. D. Case, 1999, "Steady-State Temperature of Microwave-Heated Refractories as a Function of Microwave Power and Refractory Geometry," Accepted for publication, Materials Science and Engineering.
  69. C. Mukherjee, E. D. Case and A. Y. Lee, "Thin, Protective Silica Layers on Polymeric Materials", 23rd Cocoa Beach International Conference on Engineering Ceramics and Structures, American Ceramic Society, Cocoa Beach, FL, January, 1999.
  70. E. D. Case, J. G. Lee, M. A. Crimp, D. K. Reinhard, and J. Malik, "Protective Coatings for Infrared Materials", 23rd Cocoa Beach International Conference on Engineering Ceramics and Structures, American Ceramic Society, Cocoa Beach, FL, January, 1999.
  71. E. D. Case, "Relationships among changes in electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and elastic modulus for microcracked materials", 23rd Cocoa Beach International Conference on Engineering Ceramics and Structures, American Ceramic Society, Cocoa Beach, FL, January, 1999.
  72. E. D. Case, J. G. Lee, and M. A. Crimp, "Spin-on Protective Coatings for Infrared Transmitting Materials", 101st Annual Meeting of American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, IN, April, 1999.
  73. J. G. Lee and E. D. Case, "Joining Dissimilar Materials", 101st Annual Meeting of American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, IN, April, 1999.
  74. J. G. Lee and E. D. Case, "Joining Ceramics to Produce Components with Precise Internal Holes and Channels", 101st Annual Meeting of American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, IN, April, 1999.
  75. J. G. Lee and E. D. Case, "Microwave Joining of Particulate Composites", 101st Annual Meeting of American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, IN, April, 1999.
  76. T. P. Hoepfner and E. D. Case, "Physical Characteristics of Sintered Hydroxyapatite", 101st Annual Meeting of American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, IN, April, 1999.
  77. C. Mukherjee and E. D. Case, "Crack Spacing for Indentation Damage In Brittle Coatings on Compliant Substrates", 101st Annual Meeting of American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, IN, April, 1999.
  78. J. D. White and E. D. Case, "Thermal Cycling on Silica Coated BMI", 101st Annual Meeting of American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, IN, April, 1999.
  79. L. L. White and E. D. Case, "Improvement of Silica Film Adhesion to BMI Composite Substrates", 101st Annual Meeting of American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, IN, April, 1999.